Sensors are built with a quartz sensing element for long-term stability, small size, high stiffness, and wide dynamic range of 1,000 to 10,000 lb (4.45 to 44.45 kN) in the Z axis and 500 to 4,000 lb (2.22 to 17.79 kN) in the X and Y axes. ICP versions use built-in microelectronics to convert the high-impedance charge to a low-impedance voltage. Charge-output versions operate with inline charge converters or laboratory-style charge amplifiers. Targeted applications include monitoring cutting-tool force, product-quality assurance, modal analysis, engine-mount analysis, biomechanics, and impact testing.